These two fields have similar fundamental frequencies (51.8 Hz and 52.3 Hz) but are emitted in different groups of pulses or rather send–pause intervals. After a blinded screening of 22 different ELF-PEMF, two fields (termed A and B) were further characterized as they diversely affected macrophage function. Thus, the aim was to identify the specific ELF-PEMFs able to modulate macrophage activity to indirectly promote mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (SCP-1 cells) function. In the past, extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnet fields (ELF-PEMFs) have been shown to exert cell-specific effects depending on the field conditions. Due to their high plasticity and long life span, they represent good target cells for modulation. Macrophages can be found in all healing phases. Successful healing requires tight communication between immune cells and bone cells.
Delayed fracture healing and fracture non-unions impose an enormous burden on individuals and society.
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